This is a hot topic in the UK and something Social Workers are pro-actively trying to identify to help potential victims. Work with us in understanding coercive control and how to recognise the signs and support victims.
Coercive control is a form of domestic abuse that has gained significant attention in the UK in recent years.
Unlike physical abuse, which often leaves visible marks, coercive control is a pattern of behaviour by an abuser that aims to strip away the victim’s autonomy and sense of self. It is a persistent and insidious form of abuse that leaves deep psychological scars and often goes unnoticed by friends, family, and even the victims themselves.
This guide aims to provide social workers and those working within the field with essential knowledge on coercive control, how it manifests in victims’ lives, and the signs to look out for to ensure timely and effective support. Check our Social Worker Toolkit for Tips, Guides and Resources here.
What is Coercive Control?
Coercive control is a pattern of behaviour that seeks to dominate, manipulate, and intimidate a victim in order to gain complete control over them. It is often characterised by ongoing psychological, emotional, and sometimes physical abuse. The UK government defines coercive control as “an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation, and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim.”
Unlike more overt forms of abuse, coercive control is a hidden form of terrorism that aims to break down a person’s spirit and autonomy. It involves a calculated series of tactics by an abuser designed to control, intimidate, isolate, and undermine the victim.
Impact of Coercive Control on Victims’ Lives
The impact of coercive control on a victim’s life is profound and far-reaching. It affects every aspect of their being—emotionally, psychologically, socially, and even physically. Here are some ways it impacts victims:
1. Psychological Impact:
Victims often experience anxiety, depression, PTSD, and a significant loss of self-esteem. The constant manipulation and gaslighting can lead victims to question their own reality, causing confusion and self-doubt.
2. Emotional Impact:
The victim is subjected to ongoing emotional abuse, such as insults, humiliation, and put-downs, which erodes their confidence and self-worth. They may feel trapped, helpless, and powerless to leave the relationship.
3. Social Isolation:
Abusers often isolate victims from friends, family, and support networks. This isolation is a key strategy to increase dependency on the abuser and to prevent the victim from seeking help or recognising the abuse.
4. Financial Control:
Many abusers control the victim’s access to money and resources. They may restrict their partner’s ability to work, limit access to bank accounts, or give them an ‘allowance,’ effectively making them financially dependent and unable to leave.
5. Physical Impact:
While coercive control is primarily psychological, it can have physical consequences, including stress-related illnesses, eating disorders, or psychosomatic symptoms due to chronic stress and fear.
6. Impact on Children:
When children are involved, the effects of coercive control are even more concerning. Witnessing such behaviour can have a detrimental impact on their development, leading to emotional trauma, behavioural issues, and difficulties forming healthy relationships in the future.
Signs of Coercive Control to Look Out For
Identifying coercive control can be challenging because it often involves subtle and manipulative behaviours that may not be immediately obvious. Here are key signs that social workers and professionals should look out for:
1. Isolation:
The victim may have little or no contact with friends, family, or social networks. They may appear withdrawn, avoid eye contact, or be overly concerned about pleasing their partner.
2. Excessive Monitoring:
The abuser may control the victim’s movements, phone, and online activity. They may use technology to track the victim’s location or demand constant check-ins.
3. Unexplained Behavioural Changes:
Victims may exhibit signs of extreme anxiety, depression, or mood swings. They may become unusually submissive, jumpy, or fearful, especially around their partner.
4. Frequent Checking-In:
If a victim appears to be constantly on their phone or is fearful about missing a call or text, this could be a sign of coercive control. The abuser might be demanding regular updates or setting unrealistic expectations for communication.
5. Financial Restrictions:
The victim may have limited access to money, be denied the right to work, or have no control over their finances. They may mention ‘having to ask’ for money or being on a tight allowance.
6. Loss of Self-Esteem:
The victim may speak negatively about themselves, often mirroring language their partner uses. They might express feelings of worthlessness, failure, or self-blame for the relationship problems.
7. Appearance of Living in Fear:
Victims may display signs of fear or hyper-vigilance, especially when speaking about their partner. They might seem nervous or worried about doing or saying something that might ‘upset’ them.
8. Gaslighting:
The abuser may engage in gaslighting, making the victim doubt their own memory, perception, or sanity. This often results in the victim appearing confused, apologising frequently, or expressing uncertainty about their own actions.
9. Health Issues:
Victims may suffer from stress-related conditions, such as headaches, gastrointestinal problems, or unexplained pain. Chronic stress and anxiety can manifest in physical symptoms.
Supporting Victims of Coercive Control
Supporting a victim of coercive control requires sensitivity, patience, and an understanding of the complex dynamics at play. Here are some strategies for social workers:
1. Create a Safe Space:
Ensure the victim feels safe and secure when speaking about their experiences. Assure them that they are not to blame and that they are believed.
2. Empower the Victim:
Encourage the victim to make their own decisions. Victims of coercive control have had their autonomy stripped away, so it’s important to help them regain a sense of agency.
3. Be Aware of the Risks:
Understand the risks involved in leaving an abuser. Exiting a coercive relationship is often the most dangerous time for a victim, as the abuser may escalate their behaviour to regain control.
4. Provide Resources and Referrals:
Connect victims to local domestic abuse services, hotlines, and legal support. Resources such as Women’s Aid, Refuge, and the National Domestic Abuse Helpline offer invaluable support.
5. Be Consistent and Patient:
Victims may take time to come to terms with their situation or to leave the relationship. Being consistent, reliable, and non-judgmental can make a huge difference in their journey to safety.
6. Educate About Coercive Control:
Help the victim recognise the signs of coercive control. Education is a powerful tool that can help them understand their experiences and see them as abusive.
7. Develop a Safety Plan:
Work with the victim to create a personalised safety plan that includes emergency contacts, safe words, and strategies for safely leaving the situation if needed.
Understanding Coercive Control
Coercive control is a pervasive and dangerous form of abuse that often goes unnoticed. As social workers, it’s vital to be equipped with the knowledge and skills to identify and support victims effectively. By understanding the signs, impacts, and appropriate responses, we can provide the support necessary to help victims escape the control of their abusers and rebuild their lives with autonomy and confidence. Supporting victims of coercive control not only helps them reclaim their lives but also creates a safer society for everyone.
Recognising the Signs and Supporting Victims
For more support or resources, social workers and victims can reach out to organisations such as Portman Recruitment, which is committed to ensuring that social workers have the tools and knowledge they need to help those in need across the UK.
This post aims to provide comprehensive insights on coercive control, serving as a valuable resource for social workers and professionals involved in safeguarding and supporting victims of domestic abuse.
What Options to Victims themselves have?
In the UK, there is a comprehensive range of support available for victims of domestic abuse, including those experiencing coercive control. This support includes national helplines, local support services, shelters, legal aid, and specialised organisations. Here’s an overview of the key resources available:
1. National Helplines and Support Services
– National Domestic Abuse Helpline (Refuge): A 24-hour free helpline (0808 2000 247) that provides confidential support, advice, and access to emergency refuge accommodation. It is operated by Refuge, the largest domestic abuse organisation in the UK.
– Women’s Aid: Offers a range of services, including live chat support, online forums, and access to local domestic abuse services. Their “Survivor’s Handbook” provides practical information for those experiencing domestic abuse.
– Men’s Advice Line: A confidential helpline (0808 801 0327) specifically for male victims of domestic abuse, offering advice, emotional support, and signposting to other services.
– GALOP – LGBTQ+ Anti-Violence Charity: Offers support to LGBTQ+ victims of domestic abuse through their helpline (0800 999 5428), email, and web chat. They provide specialised support, including safety planning and access to local services.
– Karma Nirvana: Provides support for victims of honour-based abuse and forced marriage through their helpline (0800 5999 247). They offer culturally sensitive advice and support tailored to victims from BAME communities.
– National Stalking Helpline: Provides advice and support for victims of stalking, including stalking that involves elements of coercive control.
2. Local Domestic Abuse Services
– Local Domestic Violence Advocacy Services: These services often provide one-on-one support through Independent Domestic Violence Advisors (IDVAs) who help victims understand their options, including legal protections, housing, and safety planning.
– Local Women’s Shelters and Refuges: Many local authorities and charities operate shelters that provide safe accommodation for women and children fleeing domestic abuse. These refuges often offer additional support, including counselling, legal advice, and assistance with benefits and housing.
– Domestic Abuse Outreach Services: These services provide community-based support, including safety planning, practical assistance, and emotional support, without the victim having to leave their home.
3. Legal Support and Protection
– Domestic Violence Protection Notices (DVPNs) and Orders (DVPOs): These are immediate measures used by the police to provide protection for victims by removing the abuser from the home and preventing contact for up to 28 days.
– Non-Molestation Orders: A court order that protects a victim from being harassed or threatened by the abuser. This can also prevent the abuser from contacting the victim or coming near their home or workplace.
– Occupation Orders: A legal order that regulates who can live in the family home. It can exclude an abuser from the home or certain areas within it.
– Legal Aid: Victims of domestic abuse may be eligible for free or reduced-cost legal advice and representation. Legal aid is available for those who meet certain financial criteria and can be used for obtaining protection orders and other legal remedies.
4. Counselling and Mental Health Support
– NHS Services: Victims of coercive control can access free mental health services through the NHS, including counselling, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and support from mental health professionals.
– Rape Crisis England & Wales: Provides support for victims of sexual violence, including those who have experienced coercive control with elements of sexual abuse. They offer telephone counselling and referrals to local rape crisis centers.
– Support Groups and Peer Networks: Many local services offer support groups and peer networks where victims can connect with others who have had similar experiences. These groups can provide a sense of community and shared understanding.
5. Specialised Support for Marginalised Groups
– Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Services: Organisations like Imkaan and Southall Black Sisters provide specialised support to BAME women who may face additional barriers due to cultural or language differences.
– Services for Disabled Victims: Organisations like Stay Safe East provide tailored support for disabled victims of domestic abuse, recognising that they may face unique forms of coercion and control.
– Support for Older Victims: Age UK and other local organisations provide support for older victims of domestic abuse, who may face unique challenges and vulnerabilities.
6. Police and Criminal Justice System
– Police Protection: Victims can report abuse to the police, who have the power to arrest perpetrators and provide immediate protection. Police forces in the UK are trained to recognize coercive control and respond appropriately.
– Victim Support Services: After reporting a crime, victims are often referred to local victim support services that provide ongoing emotional support, advocacy, and assistance with navigating the criminal justice process.
7. Digital Resources and Safety Tools
– Bright Sky App: A free mobile app that provides support and information for anyone experiencing domestic abuse or concerned about someone else. It includes a directory of support services, a journal function to record incidents, and guidance on recognising different forms of abuse.
– Online Safety Planning Tools: Many organisations offer online safety planning tools that help victims create personalised safety plans, including steps to take if they need to leave their home quickly, how to protect digital devices, and how to access emergency support.
The UK offers a robust framework of support for victims of coercive control, ranging from immediate emergency help to long-term support and recovery. Social workers, healthcare professionals, and concerned individuals can play a critical role in connecting victims with these resources, ensuring that they receive the appropriate help to rebuild their lives. If you or someone you know is experiencing coercive control or any form of domestic abuse, reaching out to these support networks can be a crucial first step toward safety and recovery.